TB can occur in two forms: inactive, also known as latent tuberculosis infection, and active tuberculosis disease. People with latent TB generally have no symptoms and cannot spread the infection. However, the bacteria may become active later, particularly when the immune system weakens. Active TB can become life-threatening if left untreated.
Persistent Cough and Other Warning Signs
Symptoms of active pulmonary tuberculosis commonly include a prolonged cough, chest pain, coughing up blood or mucus, unexplained weight loss, fatigue, fever, chills and night sweats. Some patients may also experience reduced appetite and general weakness.
When TB affects organs outside the lungs, symptoms depend on the location of the infection. These may include swollen lymph nodes, persistent back pain, joint discomfort, headaches, confusion or neck stiffness. Complications can involve inflammation of the brain’s protective membranes, liver problems, spinal damage and inflammation around the heart.
Even after successful treatment, some people may experience lasting respiratory problems, including breathlessness, persistent coughing and damage to lung tissue.
How Tuberculosis Spreads and Who Faces Greater Risk
TB spreads through the air when a person with infectious tuberculosis of the lungs or throat releases bacteria by coughing, speaking or sneezing. Transmission is more likely during prolonged exposure in crowded or poorly ventilated environments. Latent TB does not spread to other people.
People living with weakened immune systems, HIV, diabetes, kidney disease or certain cancers may face a greater risk of developing active disease. Individuals receiving immunosuppressive medicines, young children and people living or working in settings where TB transmission is more likely also require particular attention.
Diagnosis and Medical Testing
Doctors may use chest X-rays or CT scans to assess suspected pulmonary TB. Laboratory examination of sputum samples, along with molecular tests and bacterial culture where appropriate, helps confirm active infection and identify drug resistance.
For people without symptoms, blood tests or skin tests can help detect TB infection. These tests cannot independently distinguish latent infection from active disease, so further assessment may be necessary.
Treatment Requires a Complete Course of Medication
Tuberculosis treatment commonly lasts several months, depending on the disease, test results and prescribed regimen.
Stopping medication prematurely can lead to relapse and contribute to drug resistance. Drug-resistant TB requires specialised treatment and careful medical supervision.
Anyone experiencing persistent cough, unexplained weight loss, fever or night sweats should seek medical evaluation. Timely testing, appropriate treatment and adherence to medical advice remain crucial to controlling tuberculosis and preventing serious complications.
